Host country responses to Black African migrants and refugees living with HIV
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol26iss4id24Abstract
HIV has never respected national borders. In the context of displaced Africans the pan- demic takes on increased significance. This article reports findings from an exploratory study of Black African migrants and refugees living with HIV in New Zealand. While the issues are specific to this country and these participants, they have relevance to all coun- tries hosting newcomers; the need for a shift in meeting a changing demographic will be true for countries experiencing the African diaspora and resulting increase in HIV disease. Thirteen semi-structured interviews highlighted the importance of both African culture and host-country culture on experiences of stigma and decisions to access services. Participants’ African heritage played a crucial role in their decision to disclose while the host country culture was reflected in immigration requirements and participants’ experiences of care. Findings have relevance for shaping services to meet the needs of the increasing population of migrants and refugees globally.
References
AEG. (2011). AIDS-New Zealand. Issue 67, Dunedin: New Zealand: University of Otago Medical School, AIDS Epidemiology Group.
Caldwell-Harris, C. L., & Aycicegi, A. (2006). When personality and culture clash: The psychological distress of allocentrics in an individualistic culture and idiocentrics in a collective culture. Transcultural Psychology, 48(3), 331-361.
Campbell, C., Skovdal, M., Madanhire, C., Mugurungi, O., Gregson, S., & Nyamukapa, C. (2011). ‘We, the AIDS people. . .’: How antiretroviral therapy enables Zimbabweans living with HIV/AIDS to cope with stigma. American Journal of Public Health, 101(6), 1004-1010.
Dickson, N., & Davidson, O. (2006). HIV prevention in New Zealand – still room for improvement. New Zealand Medical Journal, 119(1243). Retrieved from: http://www.New Zealandma.org.New Zealand/journal/119-1243/2250/
Dickson, N., Henrickson, M., & Mhlanga, F. (2012). Africa New Zealand count: An estimate of currently resident and HIV positive Africans in New Zealand. Report completed for the Health Research Council of New Zealand (Contract 11/965) and the Ministry of Health. Auckland, New Zealand: Health Research Council of New Zealand.
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. Lancet, 365(1), 309-314.
Foley, E.E. (2005). HIV/AIDS and African immigrant women in Philadelphia: Structural and cultural barriers to care. AIDS Care, 17(8), 1030-1043.
Gade, C.B.N. (2012). What is ubuntu? Different interpretations among South Africans of African descent. South African Journal of Philosophy, 31(3), 484-503.
Gardezi, F., Calzavara, L., Husbands, W., Tharao, W., Lawson, E., Myers, T., & Adebajo, S. (2008). Experiences of and responses to HIV among African and Caribbean communities in Toronto, Canada. AIDS Care, 20(6), 718-725.
Grierson, J., Thorpe, R., Pitts, M., Hughes, T., Saxton, P., Smith, J., Smythe, E., & Thomas, M. (2008). HIV futures New Zealand2/Mate araikore a muri ake nei (Tuarua). Melbourne, Australia: The Australian Research Centre in
Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University.
Henrickson, M., Dickson, N., Mhlanga, F., & Ludlam, A. (2013a) Africa New Zealand Care: A report on knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and beliefs about HIV among Black Africans living in New Zealand. Report completed for the Health Research Council of New Zealand and the Ministry of Health (Contract 11/965). Auckland, New Zealand: Health Research Council of New Zealand.
Henrickson, M., Brown, D.B., Fouché, C., Poindexter, C.C., & Scott, K. (2013b). ‘Just talking about it opens your heart’: Meaning-making by black African migrants and refugees living with HIV. Culture, Health & Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care, DOI:10.1080/13691058.2013.790076.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. (2008). UNGASS Country Progress Report: New Zealand. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS.
Kalichman, S., Simbayi, L., Cloete, A., Mthembu, P., Mkhonta, R., & Ginindza, T. (2009) Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: The internalized AIDS-related stigma scale. AIDS Care, 21(1), 87-93.
Kyakuwa, M., & Hardon, A. (2012). Concealment tactics among HIV-positive nurses in Uganda. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 14(Suppl.1), S123-S133.
Miles, M.B., & Huberman, A.M. (1994). An expanded sourcebook: Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ministry of Health New Zealand.(2007). AIDS – New Zealand (Issue 59). Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Nattabi, B., Li, J., Thompson, S.C., Orach, C.G., & Earnest, J. (2011). Factors associated with perceived stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in post-conflict northern Uganda. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23(3), 193-205.
Pronyk, P.M., Harpham, T., Morison, L.A., Hargreaves, J.R., Kim, J.C., Phetla, G., Watts, C.H., & Porter, J.D. (2008).
Is social capital associated with HIV risk in rural South Africa? Social Science & Medicine, 66(9), 1999-2010.
Refugee Services Aotearoa New Zealand. (nd). Refugees and New Zealand: Quota programme. Retrieved from: http://www.refugeeservices.org.New Zealand/refugees_and_new_zealand/quota_programme
Sosklone, V., & Shtarkshall, R.A. (2002). Migration and HIV prevention programmes: Linking structural factors, culture and individual behaviour - an Israeli experience. Social Science and Medicine, 55(2002), 1297-1307.
Statistics New Zealand. (2006). Quick stats. Retrieved from: http://www.stats.govt.New Zealand/Census/2006Cen- susHomePage/QuickStats.aspx
Statistics New Zealand. (2013). New Zealand as a village of 100 people. Retrieved from: http://www.stats.govt.New Zealand/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/2013-census-infographic-New Zealandvillage.aspx
Szreter, S., & Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by association? Social capital, social theory and the political economy of public health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33, 650–667.
Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237-246.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (UNHCR). (2011). A year of crisis: UNHCR global trends 2011.
Retrieved from: http://www.unhcr.org/4fd6f87f9.html
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2013). UNCHR projected global resettlement needs 2013.
Retrieved from: http://www.unhcr.org/5006aff49.html
World Health Organization. (2012). HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/
Worth, H., Denholm, N., & Bannister, J. (2003). HIV/AIDS and the African refugee education program in New Zealand. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(4), 346–356
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
By completing the online submission process, you confirm you accept this agreement. The following is the entire agreement between you and the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) and it may be modified only in writing.
You and any co-authors
If you are completing this agreement on behalf of co-authors, you confirm that you are acting on their behalf with their knowledge.
First publication
By submitting the work you are:
- granting the ANZASW the right of first publication of this work;
- confirming that the work is original; and
- confirming that the work has not been published in any other form.
Once published, you are free to use the final, accepted version in any way, as outlined below under Copyright.
Copyright
You assign copyright in the final, accepted version of your article to the ANZASW. You and any co-authors of the article retain the right to be identified as authors of the work.
The ANZASW will publish the final, accepted manuscript under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This licence allows anyone – including you – to share, copy, distribute, transmit, adapt and make commercial use of the work without needing additional permission, provided appropriate attribution is made to the original author or source.
A human-readable summary of the licence is available from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, which includes a link to the full licence text.
Under this licence you can use the final, published version of the article freely – such as depositing a copy in your institutional research repository, uploading a copy to your profile on an academic networking site or including it in a different publication, such as a collection of articles on a topic or in conference proceedings – provided that original publication in Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work is acknowledged.
This agreement has no effect on any pre-publication versions or elements, which remain entirely yours, and to which we claim no right.
Reviewers hold copyright in their own comments and should not be further copied in any way without their permission.
The copyright of others
If your article includes the copyright material of others (e.g. graphs, diagrams etc.), you confirm that your use either:
- falls within the limits of fair dealing for the purposes of criticism and review or fair use; OR
- that you have gained permission from the rights holder for publication in an open access journal.
