Grandparents battle to be key stakeholders in protecting grandchildren
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol31iss1id543Keywords:
grandparents, grandchildren, family-inclusive child protection practiceAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Grandparents are increasingly involved in the care of grandchildren, including after child protection intervention.
METHOD: A recent Australian qualitative research partnership explored how relationships between grandparents and their grandchildren could be optimised after child safety concerns. Interviews and focus groups were undertaken with 77 participants, including 51 grandparents, 12 parents, six foster carers and eight child and family workers. Emerging themes reported here focus on the role of grandparents and their perceptions of, and interactions with, the child protection system.
FINDINGS: Overall, findings identify that grandparents wanted to help safeguard their grandchildren but many encountered an adversarial child protection system that left them feeling powerless, fearful and unimportant. Aboriginal participants reiterated that child protection workers needed to better understand how maintaining kinship networks provided a protective factor for Aboriginal children, and that grandparents were key stakeholders in their grandchildren’s lives.
IMPLICATIONS: The findings from this study affirm the value and role of grandparents and highlight the need for implemented family-inclusive child protection practice within and beyond the Australian context.
References
Ainsworth, F., & Berger, J. (2014). Family inclusive child protection practice: The history of the family inclusion network and beyond. Children Australia, 39(2), 60–64. doi:10.1017/cha.2014.1
Alfandari, R. (2017). Partnerships with parents in child protection: A systems approach to evaluate reformative developments in Israel. British Journal of Social Work, 47(4), 1061-1077. doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw101
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2017). Child protection Australia 2015–16. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/child-protection/child-protection-australia-2015-16/contents/table-of-contents
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Child protection Australia 2016–17. Child Welfare Series No. 68. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/66c7c364-592a-458c-9ab0-f90022e25368/aihw-cws-63.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Backhouse, J., & Graham, A. (2012). Grandparents raising grandchildren: Negotiating the complexities of role-identity conflict. Child and Family Social Work, 17(3), 306–315. doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00781.x
Beddoe, L. & Cree, V. (2017). The risk paradigm and the media in child protection. In M. Connolly (Ed.), Beyond the risk paradigm in child protection (pp. 15–28). London, UK: Palgrave.
Buckley, H. (2017). Service users as receivers of risk-dominated practice. In M. Connolly (Ed.), Beyond the risk paradigm in child protection (pp. 77–90). London, UK: Palgrave.
Carmody, T. (2013). Taking responsibility: A roadmap for Queensland child protection. Queensland Child Protection Commission of Inquiry. Retrieved from https://www.cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2013/dec/response%20cpcoi/Attachments/report%202.pdf
Child Protection Peak. (2017). Position statement for Aboriginal kinship care. Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Child Protection Peak Ltd.
Child Protection Systems Royal Commission. (2016). The life they deserve: Child protection systems Royal Commission Report. Retrieved from www.agd.sa.gov.au/child-protection-systems-royal-commission
Council of Australian Governments (COAG). (2014). Protecting children is everyone’s business: National framework for protecting Australia’s children 2009–2020. Annual Report 2012–13. Canberra, ACT: Author.
Cox, C. (2014). Personal and community empowerment for grandparent caregivers. Journal of Family Social Work, 17(2), 162–174. doi/abs/10.1080/10522158.2014.880824
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017). Closing the gap: Prime Minister’s report 2017. Canberra, ACT: Author.
Drew, L., & Silverstein, M. (2007). Grandparents’ psychological wellbeing after loss of contact with their grandchildren. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 372–379. doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.372
Dumbrill, G. (2010). Power and child protection. The need for a child welfare users’ union or association. Australian Social Work, 63(2), 194–206. doi.org/10.1080/03124071003717655
Farmer, E. (2009). What factors relate to good placement in kinship care? British Journal of Social Work, 40(2), 426–444. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcp007
Funston, L., Herring, S., & ACMAG. (2016). When will the Stolen Generation end? A qualitative, critical exploration of contemporary “child protection” practices in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Sex Abuse in Australia and New Zealand, 7(1), 51–58.
Gair, S. (2017). Missing grandchildren: Grandparents’ lost contact and implications for social work. Australian Social Work, 70(3), 263–275.
Gair, S., Zuchowski, I., Munns, L., Thorpe, R., & Henderson, D. (2018). Grandparents matter: Optimising grandparents’ involvement after child safety concerns. Child and Family Social Work. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cfs.12464
Herring , S., Spangaro, J., Lauw, M., & McNamara, L. (2013). The intersection of trauma, racism, and cultural competence in effective work with Aboriginal people: Waiting for trust. Australian Social Work, 66(1), 104–117. doi/abs/10.1080/0312407X.2012.697566
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC). (1997). Bringing them home. Report of the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families. Sydney, NSW: HREOC.
Humphreys, C., Thiara, R., & Skamballis, A. (2011). Readiness to change: Mother-child relationship and domestic violence intervention. British Journal of Social Work, 41(1), 166–184. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcq046
Hunt, J. (2018). Grandparents as substitute parents in the UK. Contemporary Social Science, 13(2), 175–186. doi/abs/10.1080/21582041.2017.1417629
Irizarry, C., Miller, K., & Bowden, M. (2016). Kinship care: Child safety or easy option? Staff and carers’ perspectives. Journal of Family Social Work, 19(3), 199–219. doi/full/10.1080/10522158.2016.1187699?src=recsys
Ivec, M., Braithwaite, V., & Harris, N. (2012). “Resetting the relationship” in Indigenous child protection: Public hope and private reality. Law & Policy, 34(1), 80–103. doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2011.00354.x
Keddell, E. (2017). Interpreting children’s best interests: Needs, attachment and decision-making. Journal of Social Work, 17(3), 324–342. doi/abs/10.1177/1468017316644694
Kickett-Tucker, C., & Hansen, J. (2017). Ngalang Moort: Family as the building block of community development. In C. Kickett-Tucker, D. Bessarab, J. Coffin, & M. Wright (Eds.), Mia Mia Aboriginal community development (pp. 199–216). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Liamputtong, P. (2009). Qualitative research methods (3rd ed.). Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
Lohoar, S., Butera, N., & Kennedy, E. (2014). Strengths of Australian Aboriginal cultural practices in family life and child rearing. Child Family Community Australia, Paper No. 25. Information Exchange. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/sites/default/files/publication-documents/cfca25.pdf
Long, M., & Sephton, R. (2011). Rethinking the best interests of the child: Voices from Aboriginal child and family welfare practitioners. Australian Social Work, 64(1), 96–112. doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2010.53554
Lonne, B., Harries, M., Featherstone, B., & Gray, M. (2016). Working ethically in child protection. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Milosevic, A., Thorpe, R., & Miles, D. (2009). For good or ill, this is my family! What counts for quality in the role for statutory relative foster carers? [Unpublished conference paper (ACCFPP Quality Counts)]. Brisbane, QLD.
Morris, K., White, S., Doherty, P., & Warwick, L. (2017). Out of time: Theorising family in social work practice. Child and Family Social Work, 22(S3), 51–60. doi:10.1111/cfs.12257
Morris, K., & Burford, G. (2017). Engaging families and managing risk in practice. In M. Connolly (Ed.), Beyond the risk paradigm in child protection (pp. 91–108). London, UK: Palgrave.
Parton, N. (2017). Concerns about risk as a major driver of professional practice. In M. Connolly (Ed.), Beyond the risk paradigm in child protection (pp. 3–14). London, UK: Palgrave.
Qu, L., Lahausse, J., & Carson, R. (2018). Working together to care for kids. A survey of foster and relative/kinship carers (Research Report). Melbourne, VIC: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
Ramsden, K. (2013). Children’s perspectives on their own wellbeing: “I don't think they can hear us.” Developing Practice, 36(Spring), 18–30.
Raissian, K., & Bullinger, L. R. (2017). Money matters: Does the minimum wage affect child maltreatment rates? Child and Youth Services Review, 72, 60–70.
Rigby, E., Gair, S., & Thorpe, R. (2016). Surviving intervention: Grandparents’ struggle to maintain contact with grandchildren. Children Australia, 41(2) 98–105.
Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care Inc (SNAICC). (2010). Working and walking together. Melbourne, VIC: Author.
Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC). (2017) The family matters report. Melbourne, VIC: Author.
Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC). (2018). The family matters report 2018. Melbourne, VIC: Author.
Smith, M., Cree, V., MacRae, R., Sharp, D., Wallace, E., & O’ Halloran, S. (2017). Social suffering: Changing organisational culture in children and families social work through critical reflection groups – Insights from Bourdieu. British Journal of Social Work, 47(4), 973–988. doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw087
Tarrant, A., Featherstone, B., O’Dell, L., & Fraser, C. (2017). “You try to keep a brave face but inside you are in bits”: Grandparent experiences of engaging with professionals in Children’s Services. Qualitative Social Work, 16(3), 351–366. doi/abs/10.1177/1473325015615397
Thoburn, J., Lewis, A., & Shemmings, D. (1995). Paternalism or partnership? Family involvement in the child protection process. London, UK: HMSO.
Thomson, G., Cameron, R., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2013). Walking the red road. The role of First Nation grandparents in promoting cultural wellbeing. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 76(1), 55–78. doi.org/10.2190/AG.76.1.c
Winokur, M., Holtan, A., & Batchelder, K. E. (2014). Kinship care for the safety, permanency, and well-being of children removed from the home for maltreatment: A systematic review. Campbell Collaboration, 1. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006546.pub3
Zuchowski, I., Gair, S., Henderson, D., & Thorpe, R. (2018). Convenient yet neglected: The role of grandparent kinship carers. British Journal of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcy085
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
By completing the online submission process, you confirm you accept this agreement. The following is the entire agreement between you and the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) and it may be modified only in writing.
You and any co-authors
If you are completing this agreement on behalf of co-authors, you confirm that you are acting on their behalf with their knowledge.
First publication
By submitting the work you are:
- granting the ANZASW the right of first publication of this work;
- confirming that the work is original; and
- confirming that the work has not been published in any other form.
Once published, you are free to use the final, accepted version in any way, as outlined below under Copyright.
Copyright
You assign copyright in the final, accepted version of your article to the ANZASW. You and any co-authors of the article retain the right to be identified as authors of the work.
The ANZASW will publish the final, accepted manuscript under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This licence allows anyone – including you – to share, copy, distribute, transmit, adapt and make commercial use of the work without needing additional permission, provided appropriate attribution is made to the original author or source.
A human-readable summary of the licence is available from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, which includes a link to the full licence text.
Under this licence you can use the final, published version of the article freely – such as depositing a copy in your institutional research repository, uploading a copy to your profile on an academic networking site or including it in a different publication, such as a collection of articles on a topic or in conference proceedings – provided that original publication in Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work is acknowledged.
This agreement has no effect on any pre-publication versions or elements, which remain entirely yours, and to which we claim no right.
Reviewers hold copyright in their own comments and should not be further copied in any way without their permission.
The copyright of others
If your article includes the copyright material of others (e.g. graphs, diagrams etc.), you confirm that your use either:
- falls within the limits of fair dealing for the purposes of criticism and review or fair use; OR
- that you have gained permission from the rights holder for publication in an open access journal.