Environmental accessibility for autistic individuals: Recommendations for social work practice and spaces
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol34iss3id948Keywords:
Autism Spectrum Disorder, environment, accessibility, critical disability theory, Critical Intersections model, anti-oppressive practice, social model of disabilityAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Research and personal stories from disability advocates have highlighted the significant impact of environmental inaccessibility on an individual’s independence and dignity. This article focuses on accessibility for autistic individuals, specifically the lack of accessibility they experience in built environments due to limited autism awareness among professionals and the public.
METHOD: Literature focusing on social work’s role with autistic individuals, autism-friendly approaches, and accessible architecture was reviewed. The social model of disability and critical disability theory were utilised to explore social work’s responsibility to develop and advocate for environmental accessibility for autistic individuals. Through this analysis and the collation of strategies from the reviewed literature, the Environmental Accessibility Infographic was developed.
IMPLICATIONS: The Environmental Accessibility Infographic has broad implications. Firstly, it can be applied to any built environment to improve accessibility for autistic people and others with sensory processing needs. Secondly, the accessibility strategies have the potential to positively impact social workers’ practice with autistic people as they can guide change that will ensure their practice is autism-friendly and anti-oppressive.
References
Acraman, E. (2021). Autism prevalence in New Zealand. Altogether Autism. https://www.altogetherautism.org.nz/ autism-prevalence-in-new-zealand/
Anastasiou, D., & Kauffman, J. (2013). The social model of disability: Dichotomy between impairment and disability. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 38(4), 441–459. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jht026
Ashburner, J., Bennett, L., Rodger, S., & Ziviani, J. (2013). Understanding the sensory experiences of young people with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary investigation. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(3), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12025
Bates, C., Imrie, R., & Kullman, K. (Eds.). (2016). Care and design: Bodies, buildings, cities. John Wiley & Sons.
Bevan-Brown, J. (2004). Māori perspectives of autistic spectrum disorder: Report to the Ministry of Education.
https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0011/7301/asd-maori.pdf
Bishop-Fitzpatrick, L., Dababnah, S., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Smith, M. J., & Magaña, S. M. (2019). Autism spectrum disorder and the science of social work: A grand challenge for social work research. Social Work in Mental Health, 17(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/153 32985.2018.1509411
Buckley, C. (2017). Making your practice autism friendly. Innovait, 10(6), 327–331. https://doi. org/10.1177/1755738017692002
Burke, S. (2017). Why design should include everyone [Video]. Ted Conferences. https://www.ted.com/ talks/sinead_burke_why_design_should_include_ everyone#t-893
Cook, J., Crane, L., Bourne, L., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2021). Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 25(5), 1444–1456. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361321992641
Davidson, J. (2010). ‘It cuts both ways’: A relational approach to access and accommodation for autism. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 70(2), 305–312. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.017
Denhardt, T. (2017). Autism-aware design. Architecture Now. https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/autism-aware- design/
Giles, R. (2016). Social workers’ perceptions of multi- disciplinary teamwork: A case study of health social workers at a major regional hospital in New Zealand. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 28(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol28iss1id113
Gillespie-Lynch, K., Kapp, S. K., Brooks, P. J., Pickens, J., & Schwartzman, B. (2017). Whose expertise is it? evidence for autistic adults as critical autism experts. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 438–438. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00438
Hall, M. C. (2019). Critical disability theory. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/ archives/win2019/entries/disability-critical
Haney, J. L., & Cullen, J. A. (2018). An exploratory investigation of social workers’ knowledge and attitudes about autism. Social Work in Mental Health, 16(2), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2017.1373 265
Harms, L., Connolly, M., & Andrews, S. (2019). Social work: From theory to practice (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Hastie, J. L., & Stephens, C. (2019). Vicarious futurity: Parents’ perspectives on locating strengths in adolescents with autism. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 31(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.11157/anzswj- vol31iss1id505
Hayden, C. (2021). Identity first vs person first language [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/CWFMSNgBMa0
Hazen, E. P., Stornelli, J. L., O’Rourke, J. A., Koesterer, K., & McDougle, C. J. (2014). Sensory symptoms in autism spectrum disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22(2), 112–??.
Health and Disability Commission. (2019). The code and your rights. https://www.hdc.org.nz/disability/the-code-and- your-rights/
Higgins, J. M., Arnold, S. R., Weise, J., Pellicano, E., & Trollor, J. N. (2021). Defining autistic burnout through experts by lived experience: Grounded delphi method investigating #AutisticBurnout. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 25(8), 2356–2369. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211019858
Hugo, M. (2018). Autism, accessibility and our public spaces. University of Cambridge Museum. https:// www.museums.cam.ac.uk/blog/2018/07/11/autism-accessibility-and-our-public-spaces/
Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M., & Mandy, W. (2017). “Putting on
my best normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5
Human Rights Commission. (2021). Disability Rights. https:// www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/your-rights/
Keesler, J. M. (2019). Understanding emergent social workers’ experiences and attitudes toward people with psychiatric, physical, and developmental disabilities. Journal of Social Work Education, 1–15. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/10437797.2019.1661916
Kinnaer, M., Baumers, S., & Heylighen, A. (2016). Autism-friendly architecture from the outside in and the inside out: An explorative study based on autobiographies of autistic people. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 31(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10901-015-9451-8
Maidment, J., & Egan, R. (2016). Practice skills in social work and welfare: More than just common sense (3rd ed.). Allen & Unwin.
Ministry of Health. (2016). New Zealand autism spectrum disorder: Guideline (2nd ed.). Ministry of Health. https:// www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-autism- spectrum-disorder-guideline
Mostafa, M. (2008). An architecture for autism: Concepts of design intervention for the autistic user. International Journal of Architectural Research, 2(1), 189-211.
Mostafa, M. (2015). An architecture for autism: Built environment performance in accordance to the autism ASPECTSSTM design index. Design Principles & Practices, 8(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.18848/1833- 1874/CGP/v08/38300
Oades, L. M. (2021). Mamae nui me te takiwātanga: Surplus suffering and autism spectrum disorder in school social work practice. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 33(1), 55–66.
Opai, K. (2017). A time and space for Takiwātanga. Altogether Autism. https://www.altogetherautism.org. nz/a-time-and-space-for-takiwatanga/
Preece, D., & Jordan, R. (2007). Social workers’ understanding of autistic spectrum disorders: An exploratory investigation. The British Journal of Social Work, 37(5), 925–936. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl089
Ratto, A. B., Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Bascom, J., Wieckowski, A. T., White, S. W., Wallace, G. L., Pugliese, C., Schultz, R. T., Ollendick, T. H., Scarpa, A., Seese, S., Register-Brown, K., Martin, A., & Anthony, L. G. (2017). What about the girls? Sex-based differences in autistic traits and adaptive skills. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1698–1711. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3413-9
Redjohn1971. (2016, June 11). Microaggressions faced by autistic people [Blog]. The Houston Aspie Blogging Collective. https://houstonaspiecollective.wordpress. com/2016/06/11/microagressions-faced-by-autistic- people/
Robertson, C. E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017). Sensory perception in autism. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 18(11), 671–684. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.112
Rodgers, J., Herrema, R., Garland, D., Osborne, M., Cooper, R., Heslop, P., & Freeston, M. (2018). Uncertain futures: Reporting the experiences and worries of autistic adults and possible implications for social work practice. The British Journal of Social Work, 49(7), 1817-1836. https:// doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcy117
Roy, E. (2015). When we design for disability, we all benefit [Video]. Ted Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/ elise_roy_when_we_design_for_disability_we_all_ benefit#t-777424
Shell, S. (n.d.). Why buildings for autistic people are better for everyone. https://network.aia.org/ HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile. ashx?DocumentFileKey=3fff74f0-6418-8e5f-00ed- 4ebeb38eabd8&forceDialog=0
Spain, D., Mason, D., J Capp, S., Stoppelbein, L., W White, S., & Happé, F. (2021). “This may be a really good opportunity to make the world a more autism friendly place”: Professionals’ perspectives on the effects of COVID-19 on autistic individuals. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rasd.2021.101747
Standards New Zealand. (2001). Design for access and mobility: Buildings and associated facilities (NZS 4121). https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/d- access/d1-access-routes/public-accommodation-access/ access-standard-nzs-41212001/
Stebbins, L. (n.d.). 5 Ways We Can Make the World More Autism Friendly [Blog]. Stages Learning. https://blog. stageslearning.com/blog/5-ways-we-can-make-the- world-more-autism-friendly
Tola, G., Talu, V., Congiu, T., Bain, P., & Lindert, J. (2021). Built environment design and people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063203
Tupou, J., Curtis, S., Taare-Smith, D., Glasgow, A., & Waddington, H. (2021). Māori and autism:
A scoping review. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211018649
World Health Organisation. (2021). Autism spectrum disorders. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
Woods, R. (2017). Exploring how the social model of disability can be re-invigorated for autism: In response to Jonathan Levitt. Disability & Society, 32(7), 1090–1095. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1328157
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
By completing the online submission process, you confirm you accept this agreement. The following is the entire agreement between you and the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) and it may be modified only in writing.
You and any co-authors
If you are completing this agreement on behalf of co-authors, you confirm that you are acting on their behalf with their knowledge.
First publication
By submitting the work you are:
- granting the ANZASW the right of first publication of this work;
- confirming that the work is original; and
- confirming that the work has not been published in any other form.
Once published, you are free to use the final, accepted version in any way, as outlined below under Copyright.
Copyright
You assign copyright in the final, accepted version of your article to the ANZASW. You and any co-authors of the article retain the right to be identified as authors of the work.
The ANZASW will publish the final, accepted manuscript under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This licence allows anyone – including you – to share, copy, distribute, transmit, adapt and make commercial use of the work without needing additional permission, provided appropriate attribution is made to the original author or source.
A human-readable summary of the licence is available from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, which includes a link to the full licence text.
Under this licence you can use the final, published version of the article freely – such as depositing a copy in your institutional research repository, uploading a copy to your profile on an academic networking site or including it in a different publication, such as a collection of articles on a topic or in conference proceedings – provided that original publication in Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work is acknowledged.
This agreement has no effect on any pre-publication versions or elements, which remain entirely yours, and to which we claim no right.
Reviewers hold copyright in their own comments and should not be further copied in any way without their permission.
The copyright of others
If your article includes the copyright material of others (e.g. graphs, diagrams etc.), you confirm that your use either:
- falls within the limits of fair dealing for the purposes of criticism and review or fair use; OR
- that you have gained permission from the rights holder for publication in an open access journal.