Professional development of New Zealand social workers who engage in psychotherapy: Perceptions and activities
Keywords:
supervision, multinational study, therapist development, perception of skill, perception of development, social workers,Abstract
Thirty-six New Zealand social workers were surveyed as an extension of a multinational study of therapist development. Comparisons were made with samples of Canadian and USA social workers. New Zealand social workers perceived themselves to have developed in skill and knowledge across the career, but perceptions of current development were low in comparison with Canadian and USA samples. However, New Zealand social workers reported the highest use of supervision, and a large proportion of the sample had also undergone specialist training. While the majority of the sample had undergone personal therapy at some point, use of personal therapy was lower than Canadian and USA social worker samples. In terms of the perceived utility of professional activities, supervision and training were regarded by New Zealand social workers as highly influential activities for professional development. Conversely, personal therapy was rated as minimally influential in professional development in contrast to the North American comparison samples.References
Austin, M.J. (1981). Supervisory management in the human services. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bae, S.H., Joo, E. & Orlinsky, D.E. (2003). Psychotherapists in South Korea: Professional and practice characteristics. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 40: 302-316.
Beddoe, L. (2006). Registration and continuing education for social work in New Zealand – What about the workers? Social Work Review 18(4): 100-111.
Beddoe, L. & Henrickson, M. (2003). CPE in New Zealand: A survey of ANZASW members and some considerations for policy development. Auckland: ANZASW.
Beddoe, L. & Henrickson, M. (2005). Continuing professional social work education in Aotearoa New Zealand. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 15(2): 75-90.
Botermans, J.F. (1996). The training of psychotherapists: Impact on confidence and mastery, self-efficacy, and emotional reactivity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Catholic University of Louvain.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd Ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Farber, B.A. & Heifetz, L.J. (1981). The satisfactions and stresses of psychotherapeutic work: A factor analytic study. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice 12: 621-630.
Fortune, A.E., McCarthy, M. & Abramson, J.S. (2001). Student learning processes in field education: Relationship of learning activities to quality of field instruction, satisfaction and performance among MSW students. Journal of Social Work Education 37: 111-124.
Foulkes, P. (2003). Trainee perceptions of teaching of different psychotherapies. Australasian Psychiatry 11: 209-214.
Garrett, K.J. & Barretta-Herman, A. (1995a). Missing links: Professional development in school social work. Social Work in Education 17: 235-243.
Garrett, K.J. & Barretta-Herman, A. (1995b). Moving from supervision to professional development. Clinical Supervisor 3: 97-110.
Greenberg, R.P. & Staller, J. (1981). Personal therapy for therapists. American Journal of Psychiatry 138: 1467-1471.
Henry, W.E., Sims, J.H. & Spray, S.L. (1971). The fifth profession. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.
Hogan, R.A. (1964). Issues and approaches in supervision. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 1: 139-141.
Itzhaky, H. (2000). The secret in supervision: An integral part of the social worker’s professional development. Families in Society 81: 529-535.
Lasky, R. (2005). The training analysis in the mainstream Freudian model. In J.D. Geller, J.C. Norcross & D.E. Orlinsky (Eds.) The Psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy: Patient and clinician perspectives (pp. 15-26). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lipsey, M.W. & Wilson, D.B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Mackey, R.A. & Mackey, E.F. (1994). Personal psychotherapy and the development of a professional self. Families in Society 75: 490-498.
Macran, S. & Shapiro, D.A. (1998). The role of personal therapy for therapists: A review. British Journal of Medical Psychology 71: 13-25.
Macran, S., Stiles, W.B. & Smith, J.A. (1999). How does personal therapy affect therapists’ practice? Journal of Counseling Psychology 46: 419-431.
Maidment, J. (2000). Methods used to teach social work students in the field: A research report from New Zealand. Social Work Education 19: 145-154.
Matthews, S. & Treacher, A. (2004). Therapy models and supervision in clinical psychology. In I. Fleming & L. Steen (Eds.) Supervision and clinical psychology: Theory, practice and perspectives, pp. 186-208. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.
Mitchell, C. (2001). Partnership for continuing professional development: The impact of the Post Qualifying Award for Social Workers (PQSW) on social work practice. Social Work Education 20: 433-445.
Morrow-Bradley, C. & Elliott, R. (1986). Utilization of psychotherapy research by practising psychotherapists. American Psychologist 41: 188-197.
Nash, M. (2003). Social work education. International Social Work 46: 23-35.
Norcross, J.C. & Guy, J.D. (1989). Ten therapists: The process of becoming and being. In W. Dryden & L. Spurling (Eds.) On becoming a psychotherapist, pp. 215-239. London: Tavistock/Routledge.
Norcross, J.C., Strausser, D.J. & Faltus, F.J. (1988). The therapist’s therapist. American Journal of Psychotherapy 42: 53-66.
Norman, J. & Rosvall, S.B. (1994). Help-seeking behaviour among mental health practitioners. Clinical Social Work Journal 22: 449-460.
O’Donoghue, K. (2003). Restorying social work supervision. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.
O’Donoghue, K., Munford, R. & Trlin, A. (2005). Mapping the Territory: Supervision within the Association. Social Work Review 17(4): 46-64.
O’Donoghue, K., Munford, R. & Trlin, A. (2006). What’s Best About Social Work Supervision According to Association Members. Social Work Review 18(3): 79-91.
Orlinsky, D., Ambühl, H., Rønnestad, M.H., Davis, J., Gerin, P., Davis, M. … & Wiseman, H. (1999). Development of psychotherapists: Concepts, questions, and methods of a collaborative international study. Psychotherapy Research 9: 127-153.
Orlinsky, D.E., Botermans, J.-F. & Rønnestad, M. H. (2001). Towards an empirically grounded model of psychotherapy training: Four thousand therapists rate influences on their development. Australian Psychologist 36: 139-148.
Orlinsky, D.E. & Rønnestad, M.H. (2005a). Appendix D: Analyses of professional development. In D.E. Orlinsky & M.H. Rønnestad (Eds.) How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth, pp.251-280. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Orlinsky, D.E. & Rønnestad, M. H. (2005b). Aspects of professional development. In D.E. Orlinsky & M.H. Rønnestad (Eds.) How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth, pp. 103-116. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Orlinsky, D.E. & Rønnestad, M.H. (2005c). Career development: Correlates of evolving expertise. In D.E. Orlinsky & M.H. Rønnestad (Eds.) How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth, pp.131-142. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Orlinsky, D.E. & Rønnestad, M.H. (Eds.). (2005d). How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth, pp. 131-142. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Orlinsky, D.E., et al. (2005). The psychotherapists. In D.E. Orlinsky & M.H. Rønnestad (Eds.) How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth, pp. 27-37. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Orlinsky, D.E., et al. (2005). The development of psychotherapists. In D.E. Orlinsky & M.H. Rønnestad (Eds.) How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth, pp. 3-13. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Orlinsky, D. E., et al. (2005). Study methods. In D.E. Orlinsky & M.H. Rønnestad (Eds.) How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth, pp. 15+25. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Parsonson, B.S. & Priest, P.N. (1971). Psychotherapy in New Zealand state psychiatric hospitals. Social Science & Medicine 5: 561-571.
Payne, M. (2005). Modern social work theory, 3rd Ed. London: Macmillan.
Parliamentary Council Office (2003). Social Workers Registration Act. Retrieved February 13th, 2006, from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/browse_vw.asp?content-set=pal_statutes.
Rachelson, J. & Clance, P.R. (1980). Attitudes of psychotherapists toward the 1970 APA standards for psychotherapy training. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice 11: 261-267.
Skovholt, T.M., Grier, T.L. & Hanson, M. R. (2001). Career counseling for longevity: Self-care and burnout prevention strategies for counselor resilience. Journal of Career Development 27: 167-176.
Skovholt, T.M. & Rønnestad, M.H. (1992). Themes in therapist and counselor development. Journal of Counseling & Development 70: 505-515.
Social Workers Registration Board. (2007a). Criteria for Annual Practicing Certificates. Retrieved 27 June 2008, from: http://www.swrb.org.nz.
Social Workers Registration Board, (2007b). Supervision Expectations for Registered Social Workers. Policy Statement. Retrieved 27 June 2008, from: http://swrb.org.nz
Staniforth, B. (2007). Ruth and Brian Manchester: Social work’s dynamic duo. Social Work Review 19(1): 55-65.
Staniforth, B. (2008). Past, present and future perspectives on the role of counselling within Social Work in Aotearoa New Zealand. (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Massey University, Auckland.
Staudt, M. (1997). Correlates of job satisfaction in school social work. Social Work in Education 19: 43-51.
Stein, D.M. & Lambert, M.J. (1995). Graduate training in psychotherapy: Are therapy outcomes enhanced? Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 63: 182-196.
Strozier, A.L. & Stacey, L. (2001). The relevance of personal therapy in the education of MSW students. Clinical Social Work Journal 29: 181-195.
Strupp, H.H., Butler, S.F. & Rosser, C.R.L. (1988). Training in psychodynamic therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 56: 689-695.
Vitulano, L.A. & Copeland, B.A. (1980). Trends in continuing education and competency demonstrations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 11: 891-897.
Willutzki, U. & Botermans, J.F. (1997). Ausbildung in psychotherapie in Deutschland und der Schweiz und ihre bedeutung für die therapeutische kompetenz. Psychotherapeut 42: 282-289.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
By completing the online submission process, you confirm you accept this agreement. The following is the entire agreement between you and the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) and it may be modified only in writing.
You and any co-authors
If you are completing this agreement on behalf of co-authors, you confirm that you are acting on their behalf with their knowledge.
First publication
By submitting the work you are:
- granting the ANZASW the right of first publication of this work;
- confirming that the work is original; and
- confirming that the work has not been published in any other form.
Once published, you are free to use the final, accepted version in any way, as outlined below under Copyright.
Copyright
You assign copyright in the final, accepted version of your article to the ANZASW. You and any co-authors of the article retain the right to be identified as authors of the work.
The ANZASW will publish the final, accepted manuscript under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (CC BY 4.0). This licence allows anyone – including you – to share, copy, distribute, transmit, adapt and make commercial use of the work without needing additional permission, provided appropriate attribution is made to the original author or source.
A human-readable summary of the licence is available from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, which includes a link to the full licence text.
Under this licence you can use the final, published version of the article freely – such as depositing a copy in your institutional research repository, uploading a copy to your profile on an academic networking site or including it in a different publication, such as a collection of articles on a topic or in conference proceedings – provided that original publication in Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work is acknowledged.
This agreement has no effect on any pre-publication versions or elements, which remain entirely yours, and to which we claim no right.
Reviewers hold copyright in their own comments and should not be further copied in any way without their permission.
The copyright of others
If your article includes the copyright material of others (e.g. graphs, diagrams etc.), you confirm that your use either:
- falls within the limits of fair dealing for the purposes of criticism and review or fair use; OR
- that you have gained permission from the rights holder for publication in an open access journal.